#12,932
The progression of human influenza pandemics over the past 130 years is believed to have been H2, H3, H1, H2, H3, H1, H1 . . .
- H2N2 sparked two pandemics (1898 and 1957) roughly 69 years apart.
- H3 viruses unleashed two pandemics (1900 and 1968) roughly 68 years apart
- And H1N1 caused the great 1918 pandemic only to return in the pseudo-pandemic of 1977, 59 years later (and then reinvented itself in the 2009 Pandemic).
There are already two H3N2 viruses (H3N2 swine variant [A/Indiana/08/2011]) and (Canine H3N2 [A/canine/Illinois/12191/2015]) on the CDC's IRAT list of novel flu subtypes/strains that currently circulate in non-human hosts that pose a potential threat to human health.H1, H2, and H3 influenza viruses are generally thought to have `less far to jump' to humans than do H5 or H7 viruses, so we take particular notice whenever we see a new one emerging in the wild. A few recent blogs on this special subset of flu viruses include:
H2N2: Everything Old Is Flu Again
MMWR: Investigation Into H3N2v Outbreak In Ohio & Michigan - Summer 2016
J. Virol: Novel Reassortant Human-like H3N2 & H3N1 Influenza A Viruses In Pigs
PNAS: The Pandemic Potential Of Eurasian Avian-like H1N1 (EAH1N1) Swine Influenza
All of which brings us to a new announcement today of the isolation of a novel avian H3N2 virus from domestic ducks in China, with contributions from H1N1, H3, and H7 AIVs.
Detected at a live bird market in Jiangsu last year, this is another reminder just how quickly new reassortant viruses can emerge, particularly when many birds are housed in close quarters.
Novel Reassortant H3N2 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Domestic Ducks in Eastern China in 2016
Wenqiang Sun, Jiaxin Li, Jiao Hu, Daxiu Jiang, Zhichuang Ge, Chaonan Xing, Xiaoquan Wang, Min Gu, Xiaowen Liu, Shunlin Hu, Xiufan Liu
ABSTRACT
H3 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) poses a great threat to public health, and so investigating its epidemiology is of great importance. A novel reassortant H3N2 AIV strain was isolated from a live poultry market in eastern China. The strain’s genes originated from H1N1, H3, and H7 AIVs. Thus, the genome information of the H3N2 isolate will help to investigate further the epidemiology of H3 subtype AIVs in China.
GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have a wide range of hosts, from birds to mammals (1–7). Notably, multiple subtypes of influenza viruses (H3, H4, H6, H9, H10, etc.) have also circulated and evolved in live poultry markets (LPMs), which are considered to be recombinant sources of AIVs in China (8–10). Meanwhile, highly pathogenic AIVs (HPAIVs) and low pathogenic AIVs (LPAIVs) frequently undergo reassortment with each other (7–9, 11–13). In particular, H3 subtype AIVs can be detected in LPMs in China (9). As we know, H3 subtype AIVs have a wide host range, including birds, humans, pigs, dogs, and horses (3, 4, 14–17). H3 subtype AIVs can serve their gene segments to other HPAIVs and also reassort with other AIV subtypes (10, 18–20). So, the monitoring of H3 subtype AIVs is of great significance to public health.
An H3N2 strain of AIV was isolated from a duck in September 2016 in Jiangsu, China, and named A/duck/Jiangshu/YZ916/2016(H3N2). RT-PCR was performed by universal primers (21), followed by sequencing (Nanjing Genscript). The DNA sequences were edited with Lasergene version 7.1 software (DNASTAR), and genetic evolution analysis of the isolate was performed with MEGA7 software.
The complete genome of the isolate included eight genes, polymerase basic 2 (PB2), polymerase basic 1 (PB1), polymerase acidic (PA), hemagglutinin (HA), nucleoprotein (NP), neuraminidase (NA), matrix (M), and nonstructural (NS) proteins. The open reading frame lengths of these segments are 2,280, 2,277, 2,151, 1,701, 1,497, 1,401, 982, and 838 nucleotides, respectively. PEKQTR↓G at the cleavage site of the isolate indicated that the virus was an LPAIV. The potential glycosylation sites of the isolate revealed that there were five potential N-linked glycosylation sites in HA (positions 22, 38, 165, 285, and 483) and six in NA (positions 61, 69, 86, 146, 200, and 402). Moreover, there were amino acid residues, Q226 and G228, at the receptor binding site in the HA protein, which indicated that the isolate preferentially binds to a receptor of avian origin. In PB2, there were no mutations for E627K and D701N, which are associated with mammalian host adaptation (22).
Genetic evolution analysis of the eight genes of the isolate indicated that the HA gene showed a high similarity (97%) with isolate A/duck/Jiangsu/J2186/2014(H3). The NA gene showed high homology (99%) with isolate A/chicken/Ganzhou/G243/2016(H3N2). The PB2 gene showed the highest homology (98%) with isolate A/duck/Jiangxi/21224/2013(H7N3). The PB1 gene showed the highest homology (99%) with isolate A/chicken/Huzhou/3916/2013(H7N3). The PA gene showed the highest homology (99%) with isolate A/duck/Mongolia/520/2015(H1N1). The NP gene showed the highest homology (99%) with isolate A/duck/Jiangxi/21710/2013(H7N3). The M gene showed the highest homology (99%) with isolate A/muscovy duck/Vietnam/LBM348/2013(H3N8). The NS gene was most closely related to isolate A/environment/Korea/W478/2014(H7N7) with 99% homology. Overall, the isolate was a novel reassortant H3N2 AIV originating from H1N1, H3, and H7.
H3 subtype AIVs can pose a great threat to public health, and thus the genome information reported here can help further epidemiological investigations of H3 subtype AIVs in China.
Accession number(s).This genome sequence has been deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers MG021165 to MG021172.
