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The classic cause of parotitis - the (often painful) swelling of the parotid glands - is the mumps virus, but other viruses (e.g., EBV & HIV), along with acute bacterial parotitis or Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis can cause inflammation of these glands, as well as some autoimmune diseases.
And sometimes, the etiology is unknown.In the middle of the last decade we saw some unusual cases of parotitis linked to a `drifted' H3N2 seasonal influenza virus, resulting in local health alerts and a CDC statement.
For more on these unusual presentations, you may wish to revisit:
C.I.D.: Revisiting The Parotitis Clusters During The 2014-15 Flu Season
Eurosurveillance: Parotitis Associated With A Drifted A/H3N2 Infection
Already known for provoking unusual symptoms, today we have a report of 3 cases of a parotitis-like symptoms linked to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection, from a single hospital in France. While their parotitis resolved over several days, all 3 patients reported a persistent loss of smell (anosmia) following their recovery.
Research Letter
Parotitis-Like Symptoms Associated with COVID-19, France, March–April 2020
Jerome R. Lechien1, Annaelle Chetrit1, Younes Chekkoury-Idrissi, Lea Distinguin, Marta Circiu, Sven Saussez, Najete Berradja, Myriam Edjlali, Stephane Hans2, and Robert Carlier2
Abstract
We report the clinical features of 3 patients in France who had parotitis (inflammation of the parotid salivary glands) as a clinical manifestation of confirmed coronavirus disease. Results from magnetic resonance imaging support the occurrence of intraparotid lymphadenitis, leading to a parotitis-like clinical picture.
The worldwide spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is associated with the emergence of many clinical pictures of the disease. Patients might have nose and throat symptoms, such as loss of smell and taste (1). Many otolaryngologists have observed an increase in the number of patients with acute parotitis (inflammation of the parotid salivary glands), which could be related to COVID-19 (2). We report the clinical features of 3 outpatients who sought care at Foch Hospital (Paris, France) for parotitis-like symptoms in the context of COVID-19.
Three women sought care at the Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery of Foch Hospital for unilateral ear pain and retromandibular edema. The patients also reported general and otolaryngologic symptoms, including anorexia, arthralgia, myalgia, headache, fatigue, nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, postnasal drip, sore throat, face pain, and loss of smell and taste (Table).
Diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed by reverse-transcription PCR tests on nasopharyngeal swab specimens. The patients had no notable medical histories, and they were all vaccinated against mumps. The parotitis-like symptoms occurred at the onset of the disease in 2 patients and over the clinical course of the disease in the remaining patient. A clinical diagnosis of parotitis was made in all 3 cases. The otolaryngologist did not see any pus draining from the parotid duct.
Patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which indicated intraparotid lymphadenitis. In all three cases, we observed multiple unilateral or bilateral intraglandular lymph nodes in the deep and surface layers, in a relatively normal-sized gland. We preserved the lymph node architecture by using a preserved fatty hilum. We observed no juxtaglandular fat infiltration or thickening of the fascia. We also observed no intraglandular linear bands or cysts on the MRI (Appendix).
The 3 patients received 10–14 days of paracetamol (1 g 3–4×/d) for their COVID-19. The parotitis resolved over the next few days after diagnosis. The 3 patients had persistent loss of smell after the resolution of their general and parotitis-like symptoms.
The occurrence of acute parotitis related to COVID-19 has been suggested in a recent case report (2), corroborating the clinical observations of otolaryngologists. Our findings support the hypothesis that the parotitis-like symptoms might be attributable to intraparotid lymph node enlargement, which is different from a primary parotitis.
Infection with rubella, herpes, influenza, and human immunodeficiency viruses can result in salivary tropism (3,4), leading to diffuse parotitis. Our MRI findings mainly report diffuse enlargement of the gland without evidence of multiple intraglandular lymph nodes; however, the literature remains limited because the diagnosis is clinical and MRI is not often required. Mumps-related parotitis usually occurs in children and might be bilateral (4). In a patient with HIV infection, the parotid lesions appear as multiple and bilateral parotid lymphoepithelial cysts, which are bigger than lymph nodes (5). Moreover, cysts have T1 (hypo) and T2 (hyper) signals that are similar than those of the cerebrospinal fluid (5). In our patients, the MRI results did not indicate cysts.
The features we describe support the diagnosis of adenitis, which might impair the gland functioning. The adenitis and the parotid-related enlargement might block the main gland duct (Stenon’s duct), leading to saliva retention and parotid tissue inflammation. The lack of saliva might be associated with sticky saliva and taste impairment. Intraparotid adenitis differs from primary diffuse parotitis, which was recently reported in an unique case of COVID-19 (2).
Sanitation conditions and the difficulties in performing additional salivary gland examinations (e.g., sialography or MRI) complicate the characterization of parotitis. Thus, the main limitation of our report is the lack of functional examinations of the parotid during the clinical course of the disease. The assessment of the functioning of the saliva secretion and the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2) in the saliva could provide further information about SARS-CoV-2 transmission through saliva.
Future studies are needed to characterize the parotid manifestations in COVID-19 patients. Although the findings of this study support the hypothesis that intraparotid lymphadenitis is a causal factor, the direct spread of SARS-CoV-2 into the parotid tissue might be theoretically possible regarding the presence of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (the virus receptor) in the parotid tissue and the potential risk for excretion of virions through the saliva (6).
In conclusion, parotid inflammation might be encountered in COVID-19 patients and could be related to intraparotid lymphadenitis. Even in persons vaccinated against mumps, testing for viruses that cause a parotitis-like illness is important, including rubella virus, influenza virus, and SARS-CoV-2. Additional studies to characterize parotid manifestations in COVID-19 patients will help determine diagnosis and treatment.
Dr. Lechien is otolaryngologist–head and neck surgeon in Foch Hospital (Paris, France) and consultant in the University Hospital of Brussels (Saint-Pierre). He is vice-chairman of the clinical research committee of the World Otolaryngological Federation of Young Otolaryngologists.
