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Building on the earlier report from Florida’s Department of Health (See Florida DOH Announces 1st Locally Acquired Chikungunya Cases In U.S.) we have the following statement from the CDC regarding the potential for additional spread of this mosquito borne virus which only arrived in the Americas 7 months ago.
After the CDC report, I’ll be back with a bit more.
First Chikungunya case acquired in the United States reported in Florida
Seven months after the mosquito-borne virus chikungunya was recognized in the Western Hemisphere, the first locally acquired case of the disease has surfaced in the continental United States. The case was reported today in Florida in a male who had not recently traveled outside the United States. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is working closely with the Florida Department of Health to investigate how the patient contracted the virus; CDC will also monitor for additional locally acquired U.S. cases in the coming weeks and months.
Since 2006, the United States has averaged 28 imported cases of chikungunya (chik-un-GUHN-ya) per year in travelers returning from countries where the virus is common. To date this year, 243 travel-associated cases have been reported in 31 states and two territories. However, the newly reported case represents the first time that mosquitoes in the continental United States are thought to have spread the virus to a non-traveler. This year, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands reported 121 and two cases of locally acquired chikungunya respectively.
“The arrival of chikungunya virus, first in the tropical Americas and now in the United States, underscores the risks posed by this and other exotic pathogens,” said Roger Nasci, Ph.D., chief of CDC’s Arboviral Diseases Branch. “This emphasizes the importance of CDC’s health security initiatives designed to maintain effective surveillance networks, diagnostic laboratories and mosquito control programs both in the United States and around the world.”
Chikungunya virus is transmitted to people by two species of mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Both species are found in the southeastern United States and limited parts of the southwest; Aedes albopictus is also found further north up the East Coast, through the Mid-Atlantic States and is also found in the lower Midwest.
CDC and the Florida Department of Health are assessing whether there are additional locally acquired cases and are providing consultation to the public on ways to prevent further spread of the virus by controlling mosquitoes and educating people about personal and household protection measures to avoid mosquito bites. CDC has asked state health departments to report cases of chikungunya to help track the virus in the United States. Local transmission occurs when a mosquito bites someone who is infected with the virus and then bites another person.
It is not known what course chikungunya will take now in the United States. CDC officials believe chikungunya will behave like dengue virus in the United States, where imported cases have resulted in sporadic local transmission but have not caused widespread outbreaks. None of the more than 200 imported chikungunya cases between 2006 and 2013 have triggered a local outbreak. However, more chikungunya-infected travelers coming into the United States increases the likelihood that local chikungunya transmission will occur.
Outbreaks of chikungunya have been previously reported from countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, India, and the Middle East, and on the French side of the Caribbean island of St. Martin. The virus spread quickly in St. Martin through the Caribbean in December 2013 and into South and Central America. Local transmission has been reported in 23 countries in the hemisphere prior to the U.S. case.
People infected with chikungunya virus typically develop fever and joint pain. Other symptoms can include muscle aches, headaches, joint swelling or rash. Travelers returning from areas with chikungunya activity and those living in areas where the virus has been reported in the United States should seek medical care if they experience chikungunya symptoms. Health care providers in areas with reported cases should be on the alert for possible cases. People infected with chikungunya should protect themselves by wearing insect repellents, using air conditioning or window and door screens to keep mosquitoes out, wearing long pants and long-sleeved shirts when possible, and emptying standing water outside your home. Protecting yourself and others from mosquito bites during the first few days of illness can help prevent other mosquitoes from becoming infected and reduce the risk of further spread.
Infection with chikungunya virus is rarely fatal, but the joint pain can often be severe and debilitating. This virus is not spread person to person. There is no vaccine and no specific treatment for infection, but research is underway in both areas. Patients recover in about a week, although long-term joint pain occurs in some people. According to CDC, infection is thought to provide lifelong immunity.
For more information, visit www.cdc.gov/chikungunya. For more information about preventing mosquito bites, visit www.cdc.gov/chikungunya/prevention/index.html.
Up until about a decade ago, Chikungunya was a rarely seen mosquito-borne virus pretty much limited to central and eastern Africa. All of that changed in 2005 when it jumped to Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean, where it reportedly infected about 1/3rd of that island’s population (266,000 case out of pop.770,000) in a matter of a few months.
From there, apparently aided and abetted by a recent mutation that allowed it to be carried by the Aedes Albopictus `Asian tiger’ mosquito (see A Single Mutation in Chikungunya Virus Affects Vector Specificity and Epidemic Potential), it quickly cut a swath across the Indian ocean and into the Pacific.
All of that changed about 7 months ago, when one (or more) infected travelers apparently arrived on the French Part of St. Martins, introducing the virus into the local mosquito population. On December 10th there were 2 confirmed, 4 probable and 20 suspected cases of chikungunya on the island.
Since then, literally hundreds of thousands of infections have been reported across the Caribbean and even into Central and South America.
The arrival of Chikungunya to the Americas has been anticipated for some time, and the CDC & PAHO produced a 161 page guide on preparing for its arrival 3 years ago (see Preparedness and Response for Chikungunya Virus Introduction in the Americas).
Last May, in Florida Prepares For Chikungunya we looked at local preparations for its arrival. Given its climate, its position as the gateway to the Caribbean, and that it receives millions of tourists every year - Florida was considered a likely first US battleground against any CHKV invasion.
The good news is that mosquito borne illnesses like Chikungunya, West Nile Fever, and Dengue are largely preventable.
While the overall risk of contracting a mosquito-borne illness anywhere in the United States remains very small, with no vaccines available, and scattered cases of Dengue, West Nile Virus, EEE, SLEV, and now the arrival of Chikungunya - Florida’s Health departments urge people to always follow the `5 D’s’:
